CHRONICLE OF THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA Read online

  CHRONICLE OF THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA

  Washington Irving

  CHRONICLE OF THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA

  by Washington Irving

  from the mss. of FRAY ANTONIO AGAPIDA

  Author's Revised Edition

  CONTENTS.

  I……….Of the Kingdom of Granada, and the Tribute which it Paid to the Castilian Crown. II………Of the Embassy of Don Juan de Vera to Demand Arrears of Tribute from the Moorish Monarch. III……..Domestic Feuds in the Alhambra-Rival Sultanas-Predictions concerning Boabdil, the Heir to the Throne-How Ferdinand Meditates War against Granada, and how he is Anticipated. IV………Expedition of the Muley Abul Hassan against the Fortress of Zahara. V……….Expedition of the Marques of Cadiz against Alhama. VI………How the People of Granada were Affected on Hearing of the Capture of the Alhama; and how the Moorish King sallied forth to Regain it. VII……..How the Duke of Medina Sidonia and the Chivalry of Andalusia Hastened to the Relief of Alhama. VIII…….Sequel of the Events at Alhama. IX………Events at Granada, and Rise of the Moorish King, Boabdil el Chico. X……….Royal Expedition against Loxa. XI………How Muley Abul Hassan made a Foray into the Lands of Medina Sidonia, and how he was Received. XII……..Foray of Spanish Cavaliers among the Mountains of Malaga. XIII…….Effects of the Disasters among the Mountains of Malaga. XIV……..How King Boabdil el Chico Marched over the Border. XV………How the Count de Cabra sallied forth from his Castle in Quest of King Boabdil. XVI……..The Battle of Lucena. XVII…….Lamentations of the Moors for the Battle of Lucena. XVIII……How Muley Abul Hassan Profited by the Misfortunes of his Son Boabdil. XIX……..Captivity of Boabdil el Chico. XX………Of the Treatment of Boabdil by the Castilian Sovereigns. XXI……..Return of Boabdil from Captivity. XXII…….Foray of the Moorish Alcaydes, and Battle of Lopera. XXIII……Retreat of Hamet el Zegri, Alcayde of Ronda. XXIV…….Of the reception at Court of the Count de Cabra and the Alcayde de los Donceles. XXV……..How the Marques of Cadiz concerted to Surprise Zahara, and the Result of his Enterprise. XXVI…….Of the Fortress of Alhama, and how Wisely it was Governed by the Count de Tendilla. XXVII……Foray of Christian Knights into the Territory of the Moors. XXVIII…..Attempt of El Zagal to Surprise Boabdil in Almeria. XXIX…….How King Ferdinand Commenced another Campaign against the Moors, and how he Laid Siege to Coin and Cartama. XXX……..Siege of Ronda. XXXI…….How the People of Granada invited El Zagal to the Throne, and how he Marched to the Capital. XXXII……How the Count de Cabra attempted to Capture another King, and how he Fared in his Attempt. XXXIII…..Expedition against the Castles of Cambil and Albahar. XXXIV……Enterprise of the Knights of Calatrava against Zalea. XXXV…….Death of Muley Abul Hassan. XXXVI……Of the Christian Army which Assembled at the City of Cordova. XXXVII…..How Fresh Commotions broke out in Granada, and how the People undertook to Allay them. XXXVIII….How King Ferdinand held a Council of War at the Rock of the Lovers. XXXIX……How the Royal Army appeared Before the City of Loxa, and how it was Received; and of the Doughty Achievements of the English Earl. XL………Conclusion of the Siege of Loxa. XLI……..Capture of Illora. XLII…….Of the Arrival of Queen Isabella at the Camp before Moclin; and of the Pleasant Sayings of the English Earl. XLIII……How King Ferdinand Attacked Moclin, and of the Strange Events that attended its Capture. XLIV…….How King Ferdinand Foraged the Vega; and of the Battle of the Bridge of Pinos, and the Fate of the two Moorish Brothers. XLV……..Attempt of El Zagal upon the Life of Boabdil, and how the Latter was Roused to Action. XLVI…….How Boabdil returned Secretly to Granada, and how he was Received.-Second Embassy of Don Juan de Vera, and his Perils in the Alhambra. XLVII……How King Ferdinand laid Siege to Velez Malaga. XLVIII…..How King Ferdinand and his Army were Exposed to Imminent Peril before Velez Malaga. XLIX…….Result of the Stratagem of El Zagal to Surprise King Ferdinand. L……….How the People of Granada Rewarded the Valor of El Zagal. LI………Surrender of the Velez Malaga and Other Places. LII……..Of the City of Malaga and its Inhabitants.-Mission of Hernando del Pulgar. LIII…….Advance of King Ferdinand against Malaga. LIV……..Siege of Malaga. LV………Siege of Malaga continued.-Obstinacy of Hamet el Zegri. LVI……..Attack of the Marques of Cadiz upon Gibralfaro. LVII…….Siege of Malaga continued.-Stratagems of Various Kinds. LVIII……Sufferings of the People of Malaga. LIX……..How a Moorish Santon Undertook to Deliver the City of Malaga from the Power of its Enemies. LX………How Hamet el Zegri was Hardened in his Obstinacy by the Arts of a Moorish Astrologer. LXI……..Siege of Malaga continued.-Destruction of a Tower by Francisco Ramirez de Madrid. LXII…….How the People of Malaga expostulated with Hamet el Zegri. LXIII……How Hamet el Zegri Sallied forth with the Sacred Banner to Attack the Christian Camp. LXIV…….How the City of Malaga Capitulated. LXV……..Fulfilment of the Prophecy of the Dervise.-Fate of Hamet el Zegri. LXVI…….How the Castilian Sovereigns took Possession of the City of Malaga, and how King Ferdinand signalized himself by his Skill in Bargaining with the Inhabitants for their Ransom. LXVII……How King Ferdinand prepared to Carry the War into a Different Part of the Territories of the Moors. LXVIII…..How King Ferdinand Invaded the Eastern Side of the Kingdom of Granada, and how He was Received by El Zagal. LXIX…….How the Moors made Various Enterprises against the Christians. LXX……..How King Ferdinand prepared to Besiege the City of Baza, and how the City prepared for Defence. LXXI…….The Battle of the Gardens before Baza. LXXII……Siege of Baza.-Embarrassments of the Army. LXXIII…..Siege of Baza continued.-How King Ferdinand completely Invested the City. LXXIV……Exploit of Hernan Perez del Pulgar and Other Cavaliers. LXXV…….Continuation of the Siege of Baza. LXXVI……How Two Friars from the Holy Land arrived at the Camp. LXXVII…..How Queen Isabella devised Means to Supply the Army with Provisions. LXXVIII….Of the Disasters which Befell the Camp. LXXIX……Encounters between the Christians and Moors before Baza, and the Devotion of the Inhabitants to the Defence of their City. LXXX…….How Queen Isabella arrived at the Camp, and the Consequences of her Arrival. LXXXI……Surrender of Baza. LXXXII…..Submission of El Zagal to the Castilian Sovereigns. LXXXIII….Events at Granada subsequent to the Submission of El Zagal. LXXXIV…..How King Ferdinand turned his Hostilities against the City of Granada. LXXXV……The Fate of the Castle of Roma. LXXXVI…..How Boabdil el Chico took the Field, and his Expedition against Alhendin. LXXXVII….Exploit of the Count de Tendilla. LXXXVIII…Expedition of Boabdil el Chico against Salobrena.-Exploit of Hernan Perez del Pulgar. LXXXIX…..How King Ferdinand Treated the People of Guadix, and how El Zagal Finished his Regal Career. XC………Preparations of Granada for a Desperate Defence. XCI……..How King Ferdinand conducted the Siege cautiously, and how Queen Isabella arrived at the Camp. XCII…….Of the Insolent Defiance of Tarfe the Moor, and the Daring Exploit of Hernan Perez del Pulgar. XCIII……How Queen Isabella took a View of the City of Granada, and how her Curiosity cost the Lives of many Christians and Moors. XCIV…….The Last Ravage before Granada. XCV……..Conflagration of the Christian Camp.-Building of Santa Fe. XCVI…….Famine and Discord in the City. XCVII……Capitulation of Granada. XCVIII…..Commotions in Granada. XCIX…….Surrender of Granada. C……….How the Castilian Sovereigns took Possession of Granada.

  Appendix.

  INTRODUCTION.

  Although the following Chronicle bears the name of the venerable Fray Antonio Agapida, it is rather a superstructure reared upon the fragments which remain of his work. It may be asked, Who is this same Agapida, who is cited with such deference, yet whose name is not to be found in any of the catalogues of Spanish authors? The question is hard to answer. He appears to have been one of the many indefatigable authors of Sp
ain who have filled the libraries of convents and cathedrals with their tomes, without ever dreaming of bringing their labors to the press. He evidently was deeply and accurately informed of the particulars of the wars between his countrymen and the Moors, a tract of history but too much overgrown with the weeds of fable. His glowing zeal, also, in the cause of the Catholic faith entitles him to be held up as a model of the good old orthodox chroniclers, who recorded with such pious exultation the united triumphs of the cross and the sword. It is deeply to be regretted, therefore, that his manuscripts, deposited in the libraries of various convents, have been dispersed during the late convulsions in Spain, so that nothing is now to be met of them but disjointed fragments. These, however, are too precious to be suffered to fall into oblivion, as they contain many curious facts not to be found in any other historian. In the following work, therefore, the manuscript of the worthy Fray Antonio will be adopted wherever it exists entire, but will be filled up, extended, illustrated, and corroborated by citations from various authors, both Spanish and Arabian, who have treated of the subject. Those who may wish to know how far the work is indebted to the Chronicle of Fray Antonio Agapida may readily satisfy their curiosity by referring to his manuscript fragments, carefully preserved in the Library of the Escurial.

  Before entering upon the history it may be as well to notice the opinions of certain of the most learned and devout historiographers of former times relative to this war.

  Marinus Siculus, historian to Charles V., pronounces it a war to avenge ancient injuries received by the Christians from the Moors, to recover the kingdom of Granada, and to extend the name and honor of the Christian religion.*

  *Lucio Marino Siculo, Cosas Memorabiles de Espana, lib. 20.

  Estevan de Garibay, one of the most distinguished Spanish historians, regards the war as a special act of divine clemency toward the Moors, to the end that those barbarians and infidels, who had dragged out so many centuries under the diabolical oppression of the absurd sect of Mahomet, should at length be reduced to the Christian faith.*

  *Garibay, Compend. Hist. Espana, lib. 18, c. 22.

  Padre Mariana, also a venerable Jesuit and the most renowned historian of Spain, considers the past domination of the Moors a scourge inflicted on the Spanish nation for its iniquities, but the conquest of Granada the reward of Heaven for its great act of propitiation in establishing the glorious tribunal of the Inquisition! No sooner (says the worthy father) was this holy office opened in Spain than there shone forth a resplendent light. Then it was that, through divine favor, the nation increased in power, and became competent to overthrow and trample down the Moorish domination.*

  *Mariana, Hist. Espana, lib. 25, c. 1.

  Having thus cited high and venerable authority for considering this war in the light of one of those pious enterprises denominated crusades, we trust we have said enough to engage the Christian reader to follow us into the field and stand by us to the very issue of the encounter.

  NOTE TO THE REVISED EDITION.

  The foregoing introduction, prefixed to the former editions of this work, has been somewhat of a detriment to it. Fray Antonio Agapida was found to be an imaginary personage, and this threw a doubt over the credibility of his Chronicle, which was increased by a vein of irony indulged here and there, and by the occasional heightening of some of the incidents and the romantic coloring of some of the scenes. A word or two explanatory may therefore be of service.*

  *Many of the observations in this note have already appeared in an explanatory article which at Mr. Murray's request, the author furnished to the London Quarterly Review.

  The idea of the work was suggested while I was occupied at Madrid in writing the Life of Columbus. In searching for traces of his early life I was led among the scenes of the war of Granada, he having followed the Spanish sovereigns in some of their campaigns, and been present at the surrender of the Moorish capital. I actually wove some of these scenes into the biography, but found they occupied an undue space, and stood out in romantic relief not in unison with the general course of the narrative. My mind, however, had become so excited by the stirring events and romantic achievements of this war that I could not return with composure to the sober biography I had in hand. The idea then occurred, as a means of allaying the excitement, to throw off a rough draught of the history of this war, to be revised and completed at future leisure. It appeared to me that its true course and character had never been fully illustrated. The world had received a strangely perverted idea of it through Florian's romance of "Gonsalvo of Cordova," or through the legend, equally fabulous, entitled "The Civil Wars of Granada," by Ginez Perez de la Hita, the pretended work of an Arabian contemporary, but in reality a Spanish fabrication. It had been woven over with love-tales and scenes of sentimental gallantry totally opposite to its real character; for it was, in truth, one of the sternest of those iron conflicts sanctified by the title of "holy wars." In fact, the genuine nature of the war placed it far above the need of any amatory embellishments. It possessed sufficient interest in the striking contrast presented by the combatants of Oriental and European creeds, costumes, and manners, and in the hardy and harebrained enterprises, the romantic adventures, the picturesque forays through mountain regions, the daring assaults and surprisals of cliff-built castles and cragged fortresses, which succeeded each other with a variety and brilliancy beyond the scope of mere invention.

  The time of the contest also contributed to heighten the interest. It was not long after the invention of gunpowder, when firearms and artillery mingled the flash and smoke and thunder of modern warfare with the steely splendor of ancient chivalry, and gave an awful magnificence and terrible sublimity to battle, and when the old Moorish towers and castles, that for ages had frowned defiance to the battering-rams and catapults of classic tactics, were toppled down by the lombards of the Spanish engineers. It was one of the cases in which history rises superior to fiction.

  The more I thought about the subject, the more I was tempted to undertake it, and the facilities at hand at length determined me. In the libraries of Madrid and in the private library of the American consul, Mr. Rich, I had access to various chronicles and other works, both printed and in manuscript, written at the time by eyewitnesses, and in some instances by persons who had actually mingled in the scenes recorded and gave descriptions of them from different points of view and with different details. These works were often diffuse and tedious, and occasionally discolored by the bigotry, superstition, and fierce intolerance of the age; but their pages were illumined at times with scenes of high emprise, of romantic generosity, and heroic valor, which flashed upon the reader with additional splendor from the surrounding darkness. I collated these various works, some of which have never appeared in print, drew from each facts relative to the different enterprises, arranged them in as clear and lucid order as I could command, and endeavored to give them somewhat of a graphic effect by connecting them with the manners and customs of the age in which they occurred. The rough draught being completed, I laid the manuscript aside and proceeded with the Life of Columbus. After this was finished and sent to the press I made a tour in Andalusia, visited the ruins of the Moorish towns, fortresses, and castles, and the wild mountain– passes and defiles which had been the scenes of the most remarkable events of the war, and passed some time in the ancient palace of the Alhambra, the once favorite abode of the Moorish monarchs. Everywhere I took notes, from the most advantageous points of view, of whatever could serve to give local verity and graphic effect to the scenes described. Having taken up my abode for a time at Seville, I then resumed my manuscript and rewrote it, benefited by my travelling notes and the fresh and vivid impressions of my recent tour. In constructing my chronicle I adopted the fiction of a Spanish monk as the chronicler. Fray Antonio Agapida was intended as a personification of the monkish zealots who hovered about the sovereigns in their campaigns, marring the chivalry of the camp by the bigotry of the cloister, and chronicling in rapturous strains ever
y act of intolerance toward the Moors. In fact, scarce a sally of the pretended friar when he bursts forth in rapturous eulogy of some great stroke of selfish policy on the part of Ferdinand, or exults over some overwhelming disaster of the gallant and devoted Moslems, but is taken almost word for word from one or other of the orthodox chroniclers of Spain.

  The ironical vein also was provoked by the mixture of kingcraft and priestcraft discernible throughout this great enterprise, and the mistaken zeal and self-delusion of many of its most gallant and generous champions. The romantic coloring seemed to belong to the nature of the subject, and was in harmony with what I had seen in my tour through the poetical and romantic regions in which the events had taken place. With all these deductions the work, in all its essential points, was faithful to historical fact and built upon substantial documents. It was a great satisfaction to me, therefore, after the doubts that had been expressed of the authenticity of my chronicle, to find it repeatedly and largely used by Don Miguel Lafuente Alcantara of Granada in his recent learned and elaborate history of his native city, he having had ample opportunity, in his varied and indefatigable researches, of judging how far it accorded with documentary authority.

  I have still more satisfaction in citing the following testimonial of Mr. Prescott, whose researches for his admirable history of Ferdinand and Isabella took him over the same ground I had trodden. His testimonial is written in the liberal and courteous spirit characteristic of him, but with a degree of eulogium which would make me shrink from quoting it did I not feel the importance of his voucher for the substantial accuracy of my work:

  "Mr. Irving's late publication, the 'Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada,' has superseded all further necessity for poetry and, unfortunately for me, for history. He has fully availed himself of all the picturesque and animating movement of this romantic era, and the reader who will take the trouble to compare his chronicle with the present more prosaic and literal narrative will see how little he has been seduced from historic accuracy by the poetical aspect of his subject. The fictitious and romantic dress of his work has enabled him to make it the medium of reflecting more vividly the floating opinions and chimerical fancies of the age, while he has illuminated the picture with the dramatic brilliancy of coloring denied to sober history."*